Hi Andy,
You would need to regiser as self employed here:
https://www.gov.uk/set-up-self-employed (even if you are registere for self assessment).
It is up to you which way you want to be paid for your services.
The conversion and global transfer costs of converting your income to pounds sterling, is not an expense you can claim for.
Your gross turnover is the amount originally invoiced in Canadian dollars and converted using a just and reasonable exchange rate and not the pound sterling amount after the conversion costs are deducted.
The UK / Canada tax treaty can be found ahere:
CONVENTION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME AND CAPITAL GAINS
Article 15 is suggesting that your self employed income is taxable only in the UK, but there are some circumstances where your self employed income can be taxed in Canada.
If you had to pay tax in Canada, because of the tax treaty rules, you would claim a Foreign Tax Credit in your Self Assessment Tax Return, so that you are not taxed twice and so avoid double taxation.
Thank you.